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STUDENTS RESOURCES |
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Nature of Matter |
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COMPREHENSIVE WEBSITES FOR THE NATURE OF MATTER = |
NATURE OF SCIENCE |
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1. Recognize that all atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons, and elements with the same number of protons may or may not have the same mass. Those with different masses (different numbers of neutrons) are called isotopes. |
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2. Illustrate that atoms with the same number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons are electrically neutral. |
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3. Describe radioactive substances as unstable nuclei that undergo random spontaneous nuclear decay emitting particles and/or high energy wavelike radiation. |
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4. Show that when elements are listed in order according to the number of protons (called the atomic number), the repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties identify families of elements. Recognize that the periodic table was formed as a result of the repeating pattern of electron configurations. |
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5. Describe how ions are formed when an atom or a group of atoms acquire an unbalanced charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons. |
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6. Explain that the electric force between the nucleus and the electrons hold an atom together. Relate that on a larger scale, electric forces hold solid and liquid materials together (e.g., salt crystals and water). |
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7. Show how atoms may be bonded together by losing, gaining or sharing electrons and that in a chemical reaction, the number, type of atoms and total mass must be the same before and after the reaction (e.g., writing correct chemical formulas and writing balanced chemical equations). |
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8. Demonstrate that the pH scale (0-14) is used to measure acidity and classify substances or solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral. |
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9. Investigate the properties of pure substances and mixtures (e.g., density, conductivity, hardness, properties of alloys, superconductors and semiconductors). |
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110. Compare the conductivity of different materials and explain the role of electrons in the ability to conduct electricity. |
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Nature of Energy |
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| COMPREHENSIVE WEBSITES FOR THE NATURE OF ENERGY = | |
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111. Explain how thermal energy exists in the random motion and vibrations of atoms and molecules. Recognize that the higher the temperature, the greater the average atomic or molecular motion, and during changes of state the temperature remains constant. |
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| 12.
Explain how an object's kinetic energy depends on its mass and its speed (KE=½mv
2). |
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Demonstrate that near Earth's surface an object's gravitational potential
energy depends upon its weight (mg where m is the object's
mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity) and height (h)
above a reference surface (PE=mgh). |
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| 14.
Summarize how nuclear reactions convert a small amount of matter into a
large amount of energy. (Fission involves the splitting of a large nucleus
into smaller nuclei; fusion is the joining of two small nuclei into a
larger nucleus at extremely high energies.) |
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| 15. Trace
the transformations of energy within a system (e.g., chemical to
electrical to mechanical) and recognize that energy is conserved. Show
that these transformations involve the release of some thermal energy. |
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| 16.
Illustrate that chemical reactions are either endothermic or exothermic
(e.g., cold packs, hot packs and the burning of fossil fuels). |
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| 17.
Demonstrate that thermal energy can be transferred by conduction,
convection or radiation (e.g., through materials by the collision of
particles, moving air masses or across empty space by forms of
electromagnetic radiation). |
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| 18.
Demonstrate that electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy. Recognize
that light acts as a wave. Show that visible light is a part of the
electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible
light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays). |
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| 19. Show
how the properties of a wave depend on the properties of the medium
through which it travels. Recognize that electromagnetic waves can be
propagated without a medium. |
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| 20.
Describe how waves can superimpose on one another when propagated in the
same medium. Analyze conditions in which waves can bend around corners,
reflect off surfaces, are absorbed by materials they enter, and change
direction and speed when entering a different material. |
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Forces and Motion |
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COMPREHENSIVE WEBSITES FOR FORCES AND MOTION = |
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| 21.
Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on the
observer's frame of reference and describe the object's motion in terms of
position, velocity, acceleration and time. |
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| 22.
Demonstrate that any object does not accelerate (remains at rest or
maintains a constant speed and direction of motion) unless an unbalanced
(net) force acts on it. |
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| 23.
Explain the change in motion (acceleration) of an object. Demonstrate that
the acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on the object and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object. (F net =ma. Note that weight is the
gravitational force on a mass.) |
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| 24.
Demonstrate that whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal
amount of force is exerted back on the first object. |
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| 25.
Demonstrate the ways in which frictional forces constrain the motion of
objects (e.g., a car traveling around a curve, a block on an inclined
plane, a person running, an airplane in flight). |
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Historical |
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COMPREHENSIVE WEBSITES FOR HISTORY OF SCIENCE = |
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| 26. Use
historical examples to explain how new ideas are limited by the context in
which they are conceived; are often initially rejected by the scientific
establishment; sometimes spring from unexpected findings; and usually grow
slowly through contributions from many different |
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| 27.
Describe advances and issues in physical science that have important,
long-lasting effects on science and society (e.g., atomic theory, quantum
theory, Newtonian mechanics, nuclear energy, nanotechnology, plastics,
ceramics and communication technology). |
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